Abstrakty

Fassatiová O., Kubátová A., Prášil K. & Vánová M. (1987): Mikroskopické  houby v  archivním prostredí [Microscopical fungi in archive environment]. - Ceská Mykologie, Praha, 41: 8-15.

Abstract

In three archives in Prague and in Klatovy micromycetes from the atmosphere, archive documents, walls and shelves were studied. Altogether 88 species, mostly representatives of the Moniliales as well as Mucorales orders, Penicillium and Aspergillus species prevailed. The following species were among the most frequently isolated: Penicillium cyclopium, Cladosporium herbarum, C. cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus arrhizus and Aspergillus versicolor. The number of species rised with the increasing relative humidity and worse hygienic regime of the stock rooms. Importance of the fungi with a lesser cellulolytic activity utilising organic glues on the book bindings as suitable nutrient for destruction of archive documents, especially paper, was verified. The findings of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizomucor pusillus, both pathogenic for man, are significant from the point of view of hygiene for the archive personnel.

Fassatiová O. & Kubátová A. (1990): Evaluation of the diagnostic features of some species of Penicillium section Divaricatum. - In: Samson R.A.& Pitt J.I.[eds.], Modern concepts in Penicillium and Aspergillus classification, Plenum Press, p. 149-157.

Abstract

The study was carried out with about 200 isolates mainly from Czechoslovakia and belonging to Penicillium sect. Divaricatum: P. janczewskii, P. canescens, P. melinii, P. radulatum, P. janthinellum and P. simplicissimum. The type isolates were compared according to their micro- and macromorphology. The following are recommended as diagnostical features: the branching of conidiophores, divergence of metulae and phialides and their length and the character of conidia. The length of phialides is accurately measured omitting the neck, as neck length can be variable in a single isolate. P. janczewskii and P. daleae can be distinguished satisfactory on the basis of their micromorphology and colonies. In both species colonies are very variable in degree of sporulation, in conidial colour and in exudate and reverse colours. P. granatense is a synonym of P. janczewskii based on our observation of the type isolate. Isolates of P. canescens have good micromorphological distinguishing features. Isolates of P. melinii are very similar in micromorphology and colony character to P. radulatum, which has been only found once in Czechoslovakia. The type isolate of P. melinii studied during our investigation is different from the original description and also from our own isolates. A great number of soil isolates could be identified as either P. janthinellum or P. simplicissimum because their micromorphology is very similar. They probably represent one species.

Kubátová A. (1990): Eladia saccula (Dale) G.Smith, nový mikromycet pro Ceskoslovensko [Eladia saccula (Dale) G.Smith, a new micromycete for Czechoslovakia]. - Ceská Mykologie, Praha, 44(1): 20-25.

Abstract

Two strains of rather rare micromycete Eladia saccula (Dale) G. Smith were isolated from forest soils in Czechoslovakia and in Poland. These strains are maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague (CCF 1978 and CCF 2391, respectively). Eladia saccula is reported from Czechoslovakia for the first time. The description of the fungus on several nutrient media (CZ, CYA, MEA, G25N and beer wort agar) at 25 °C, 5 °C and 37 °C is given. Noteworthy is its ability to grow at 37 °C as well as its reduced growth on G25N. The systematic position of this fungus in the genera Eladia and Penicillium is discussed. With regard to the typical conidiophores, phialides and their arrangement, the author prefers the placement of this micromycete in the genus Eladia.

Kubátová A. (1991): Nálezy pyrenomycetù Sphaerodes fimicola a S.retispora var. inferior (Ascomycetes, Sordariales) v Ceskoslovensku [Findings of a Sphaerodes fimicola and S. retispora var. inferior (Ascomycetes, Sordariales) in Czechoslovakia]. - Ceská Mykologie, Praha, 45(3): 85-89.

Abstract

Sphaerodes fimicola and S. retispora var. inferior (Ascomycetes, Sordariales) were isolated from soils on four different localities in Czechoslovakia. These fungi are reported from Czechoslovakia for the first time. Descriptions and illustrations are given.

Kubátová A. (1992): New records of micromycetes from Czechoslovakia. I. - Ceská Mykologie, Praha, 45(4)/1991: 155-163.

Abstract

Five micromycetes (Apiosordaria verruculosa, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Periconia circinata, Sporendocladia bactrospora and Staphylotrichum coccosporum) are reported from Czechoslovakia for the first time. they were isolated from soils, bark and leaves. Descriptions and illustrations are given.

Kubátová A. (1993): New records of micromycetes from Czechoslovakia. II. Filobasidiella depauperata (Petch) Samson, Stalpers et Weijman. - Ceská Mykologie, Praha, 46(1-2)/1992: 126-130.

Abstract

The microscopic fungus Filobasidiella depauperata is recorded from Czechoslovakia for the first time. It was isolated from the surface of a Verticillium lecanii colony obtained from mycelial overgrowth on a caterpillar of tortricid (Carpocapsa pomonella, Lepidoptera). The strain is maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, as CCF 2746. Description and illustration are given.

Kubátová A. (1994): New records of micromycetes from Czech and Slovak Republics. III. Acremonium furcatum, Gonatobotryum parasiticum, Stachybotrys bisbyi, and Wardomyces inflatus. - Czech Mycology, Praha, 47(2): 151-158.

Abstract

Four species of the lesser known filamentous microfungi (Deuteromycotina) are reported from Czech and Slovak Republics, which appear to be the first published records of these fungi for this area. Acremonium furcatum, Stachybotrys bisbyi and Wardomyces inflatus were isolated from soil, Gonatobotryum parasiticum was found on Trichoderma sp. on dead wood. Description and illustrations are given. The strains of the three former fungi are maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Prague.

Kubátová A. (1995): Historie a soucasný stav studia rodu Penicillium [Study of the genus Penicillium – history and new approaches]. - In: Kubátová A. & Prá¹il K. [eds.], Soucasný stav, vyu¾ití moderních metod a perspektivy studia rodu Penicillium [Present state, modern methods and perspectives in Penicillium study], p. 3-14, CVSM, Praha. [in Czech]

Abstract

The history of the study of Penicillium is presented. Study of herbarium specimens during the 19th century was followed by culture techniques (Brefeld, Dierckx, Sopp, Bainier, Westling, Biourge, Zaleski). A very important manual of penicillia was prepared by Raper and Thom (1949). The morphological taxonomic base was broadened by Abe (1956) using some physiological characters. The nomenclatural and taxonomic problems connected with Raper´r and Thom´s approach were resolved by Pitt (1979) and other taxonomists. Nevertheless, the problem of a species concept was not cleared. Great progress has been made from the 1980s. A multidisciplinary study of terverticillate penicillia started at CMI in Kew. The computer assisted key PENIMAT was developed. Frisvad and collaborators broadened the taxonomic base by adding other physiological characters and profiles of secondary metabolites. Collaborative studies on the international level were achieved. At the present time the taxonomic value of new biochemical and genetic methods is investigated. The current situation seems to lead towards a stability of names.

Kubátová A. (1995): Zmeny v pojetí a nomenklature nekterých druhù rodu Penicillium [Species concept in some Penicillium species]. - In: Kubátová A. & Prá¹il K. [eds.], Soucasný stav, vyu¾ití moderních metod a perspektivy studia rodu Penicillium [Present state, modern methods and perspectives in Penicillium study], p. 18-30, CVSM, Praha. [in Czech]

Abstract

The present species concept of some penicillia different from those of Pitt (1979) is discussed. Attention is paid to the paper of Pitt et al. (1990) dealing with closely related species P. glabrum (syn. P. frequentans), P. spinulosum, P. purpurescens and P. montanense. The present position of P. janczewskii (syn. P. nigricans) and P. albidum (nomen dubium) is pointed out. Some Czech isolates of „P. albidum“ were re-identified as P. janczewskii and P. daleae. The species concept of P. simplicissimum, P. brasilianum and P. janthinellum is presented and compared with literature. The present species concept of P. miczynskii, P. soppii and P. manginii is discussed. Changes in the species concept of terverticillate penicillia are demonstrated (P. aurantiogriseum, P. verrucosum, P. solitum, P. commune etc.). The position of the species P. minioluteum is mentioned.

Nováková A. & Kubátová A. (1995): Studium rodu Penicillium v Ceské a Slovenské republice a prehled druhù uvádených z tohoto území [Study of the genus Penicillium in Czech and Slovak Republics and survey of reported species]. - In: Kubátová A. & Prá¹il K. [eds.], Soucasný stav, vyu¾ití moderních metod a perspektivy studia rodu Penicillium [Present state, modern methods and perspective in Penicillium study], p. 31-88, CVSM, Praha. [in Czech]

Abstract

Three lists of penicillia and associated teleomorphs reported from the Czech and Slovak Republics with their bibliography are presented.

The first list contains the findings of penicillia and teleomorphs from soils: 85 Penicillium species names in current use, 9 species of the genus Talaromyces, 6 species of the genus Eupenicillium, and other names of uncertain application. The most frequent species from soils appear to be P. albidum, P. aurantiogriseum, P. brevicompactum, P. camemberti, P. canescens, P. chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. commune, P. expansum, P. glabrum, P. janczewskii, P. purpurogenum, P. restrictum, P. rugulosum, P. simplicissimum, P. spinulosum, and P. variabile. On the other hand, P. adametzii, P. arenicola, P. brasilianum, P. capsulatum, P. coprophilum, P. cyaneum, P. hordei, P. italicum, P. megasporum, P. rubefaciens, P. digitatum, P. nalgiovense, P. islandicum, P. scabrosum and P. soppii were rarely isolated from soils. P. brasilianum, P. italicum and P. melinii represent species with an interesting occurrence.

The second list contains findings from other substrates (e.g. air, foods, feeds, etc.): 78 Penicillium names in current use, 6 species of Eupenicillium, 5 species of Talaromyces, several findings of other names of uncertain application. The most frequent species are the following: P. chrysogenum, P. aurantiogriseum, P. expansum, P. glabrum, P. brevicompactum, P. citrinum, P. viridicatum, P. purpurogenum, P. variabile and P. janthinellum. The following penicillia were recorded rarely: E. crustaceum (as P. asperum), E. lapidosum (as P. lapidosum), E. ochrosalmoneum (as P. ochrosalmoneum), P. bialiae, P. brasilianum, P. manginii (as P. atrosanguineum), P. melinii, P. piscarium, P. resedanum, P. sublateritium, and P. westlingii. The first published find from this area is P. expansum by Opiz (1823). The oldest illustration of Penicillium species is probably that by Corda (1839), which represents P. fieberi.

A list of all Penicillium species finds including synonyms is added. Altogether 91 Penicillium species names in current use, 11 species of Eupenicillium, and 9 species of Talaromyces were recorded from the Czech and Slovak Republics.

Kubátová A. (1995): New records of penicillia from the Czech and Slovak Republics: Penicillium coprophilum, P. minioluteum, and P. rubefaciens. - Novitates Botanicae Universitatis Carolinae, Praha, 8/1993-1994: 7-19.

Abstract

Three lesser known Penicillium species (P.coprophilum, P. minioluteum, and P. rubefaciens) were isolated from soil, wood and bark, and rhizosphere. They are reported from Czech and Slovak Republics for the first time. Descriptions and illustrations were provided. Representatives of the strains isolated are maintained in the Culture Collection of fungi (CCF), Prague.

(Note: P. coprophilum was later redetermined as P. coprobium.)

Kubátová A. & Prá¹il K. (1995): Microfungi from the walls of flats. - Novitates Botanicae Universitatis Carolinae, Praha, 9/1995: 21-27.

Abstract

Mycoflora of damp walls in flats was investigated in three „case“ studies. Surface samples were made in eleven flats of three Czech towns. Altogether 2 species of micromycetes were isolated (19 of Deuteromycotina, two of Zygomycotina). Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Penicillium chrysogenum were the dominant fungi in the fungal communities of walls, Alternaria alternata and Ulocladium botrytis appeared to be the other most frequent fungi. Literary data about production of mycotoxins and potential pathogenicity are added.

Kubátová A. & Prá¹il K. (1995): Ophiostomatální a dal¹í mikroskopické houby lesních drevin s príznaky tracheomykózního onemocnení. Predbe¾né výsledky. [Ophiostomatoid and other microfungi on the forest tree species with tracheomycotic symptoms. Preliminary results.]. - In: Cí¾ková D. et ©vecová M. [eds.], Sborník referátù (II) z odborného semináre Aktuální problémy ochrany drevin [Proceedings of the workshop (II) Present problems of trees protection], p. 18 - 37, PrF UK, Praha.

Abstract

Study of microfungi associated with forest wood species with symptoms of declining has been made, based on the material from Czech Republic. Over 80 trees of 10 wood species were examined. Micromycetes growing on the surface of stem, twig and root cross-sections in damp chambers were identified directly or after isolation. The most frequent genera of fungi were Penicillium, Ceratocystis s.l. (including anamorphs), and hypocrealean anamorphs. The ophiostomatoid fungi have been found both on dead trees, declining trees and on relatively healthy (undamaged) trees. No differrences were proved between the occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi on stems, twigs and roots. Cycloheximide sensitivity has been used for distinguishing of 14 ophiostomatoid strains: 13 are members of Ophiostoma and only one belongs to Ceratocystis s. str. Two parasitic fungi were recorded: Spiniger meineckellus (anamorph of Heterobasidion annosus) on Picea abies and the ascomycetous fungus Obolarina dryophila on Quercus pubescens and Q. robur. Although the saprophytic or occasionally pathogenic microfungi prevailed on the surface of tissue pieces, it is supposed, that they are not contaminants. Repeated examination from different localities indicates, that they are associated with cambium and sapwood of the trees studied. Some differences in the micromycetes composition were recorded between several wood species.

Rieger M. & Kubátová A. (1996): Alergologicky významné mikromycety v na¹em ¾ivotním prostredí [An allergologically important micromycetes in the environment of the Czech Republic]. - In: Rieger M. [ed.], Alergie - aeroplankton – zelen [Allergy – air plankton – green vegetation], p. 59-69, Ces. ekol. ústav, Praha.

Abstract

Saprophytic and parasitic micromycetes in natural habitats contribute to the air spora of outdoor air. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, Aureobasidium pullulans, Penicillium and Phoma are the most abundant in the outdoor air. Many of airborne fungi are associated with allergy and asthma. The occurrence, allergological significance and cross-reactivity of these fungi are reviewed. The drawings of some fungi are added.

Kubátová A. & Hunková Z. (1998): Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF) in Prague – Accessions and new biochemical data since 1997. – Novit. Bot. Univ. Carol., Praha, 12/1998: 41-52.

Abstract

Ninety strains of filamentous microfungi are presented which were accessed by the Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Prague since 1997. Forty-six cultures were obtained from culture collections abroad. Forty-four strains represent original isolates from the area of the Czech Republic. New data about production of glycosidases is given.

Kubátová A. (1998): Oncocladium flavum and Malbranchea flava - interesting filamentous micromycetes discovered on human mummies. - Remedia - Klinická Mikrobiologie, Praha,  2(8): 269-272.

Abstract

Rare filamentous microfungus Oncocladium flavum and its synanamorph Malbranchea flava were found growing on human mummies in tombs of a church crypt in Mnichov at Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic. Two isolates of Malbranchea flava are maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi, Prague (CCF 3065 and CCF 3066). It is the first finding from the Czech Republic. This report is the first of its kind in the world. From skin of mummies other common saprophytic fungi were isolated: Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Epicoccum nigrum, rot fungus – Serpula lacrymans. Black-and-white and colour photographs are given.

Kubátová A., Vánová M. & Prá¹il K. (1998): Contribution to the biodiversity of soil microfungi of the ©umava Mts., Czech Republic. – Silva Gabreta, Vimperk, 2: 23-34.

Abstract

An attempt has been made to determine the soil micromycetes from 12 localities of the ©umava Mts. (Bohemian Forest), Czech Republic, including peat-bogs, Norway spruce forests, beech forests and mixed forests in glacial cirques. The study was conducted in the period 1993-1996 and represents the first investigation of soil deuteromycetous fungi of this area. Altogether 139 fungal species, varieties or undetermined fungi were recovered from 121 soil samples. Majority of the taxa belong to the Zygomycetes (30) and Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti) (100). The most frequent species were Trichoderma viride (in 57 % of all samples), Penicillium spinulosum (55.4 %), Micromucor ramannianus var. ramannianus (33.1 %), and Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis (24.8 %). Other frequent species were Penicillium inflatum (19 %), Penicillium glabrum (16.5 %), Mortierella elongata (14.9 %), M. alpina (13.2 %), Micromucor isabellinus (13.2 %), and Micromucor ramannianus var. angulisporus (13.2). Majority of the conidial fungi isolated are new records for this region. Some species were found for the first time in the Czech Republic: Amblyosporium botrytis, Dactylaria lanosa, Dinemasporium strigosum, Gelatinospora tetrasperma, Mortierella minutissima, Penicillium coalescens, P. montanense, and Trichoderma saturnisporum.

Kubátová A. & Martínková E. (1999): Mikroskopické houby na lidských mumiích [Micromycetes on human mummies]. – Mykol. Listy, Praha, No. 69: 21-25.

Abstract

Authors present additional results of mycological examinations of human mummies maintained in the church Mnichov at Mariánské Lázne, western Bohemia. In addition to yellow colonies of hyphomycete Oncocladium flavum and its synanamorph Malbranchea flava, other conidial fungi were found: Aspergillus versicolor, A. aureolatus, Penicillium citrinum, P. vulpinum, Cladosporium herbarum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Verticillium lamellicola. Some of the rare fungi (i.e. Malbranchea flava, Aspergillus aureolatus and Verticillium lamellicola) were deposited in the Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF) in Prague. Due to known literary data on habitats of Oncocladium flavum and Malbranchea flava, this fungus shows certain necrophilic features.

Hunková Z., Kubátová A., Weignerová L. & Kren V. (1999): Induction of extracellular glycosidases in filamentous fungi and their potential use in chemotaxonomy. – Czech Mycology, Praha, 51(1): 71-87.

Abstract

Data on the occurrence and inducibility of extracellular beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-mannosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase, including inductors, are given for selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium strains. These data represent additional information on the strains in the Culture Collection of Fungi, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, and in the Culture Collection of the Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic, thus extending their usability in biochemistry and biotechnology. With respect to these biochemical data a taxonomic evaluation of the examined strains is presented. Several strains were re-identified after biochemical and morphological comparisons with the type strains. The strains of A. niveus CCF 544, A. terreus CCF 76, CCF 969, and CCIM USA were re-identified as A. flavipes, the strain A. oryzae CCF 1301 as A. wentii.

Hubert J., Kubátová A. & ©árová J. (2000): Feeding of Scheloribates laevigatus (Acari: Oribatida) on different stadia of decomposing grass litter (Holcus lanatus). – Pedobiologia 44: 627-639.

Abstract

The feeding of the panphytophagous mite Scheloribates laevigatus on litter of the abundant meadow grass Holcus lanatus was studied in laboratory experiments. The micro-anatomy of the digestive tract and the isolation of fungi from the microcosms, the mite surface and the digestive tract were used to compare the feeding on dried-remoistened leaves, representing the initial stadium of decomposition, and partly decomposed litter. Additionally, food preference tests between sterilised litter and dried-remoistened leaves and exposition of litter and dried-remoistened leaves on soil surface were used. Scheloribates laevigatus fed on the fungi growing on the dried and re-moistened grass leaves in the initial stadium of grass litter decomposition. The crashed and partly destroyed fungal hyphae formed a food bolus in the mesenteron. No leave pieces were observed in the food boli. The Scheloribates laevigatus individuals feeding on grass litter in a later decomposition stadium consumed plant debris, spores and fungal mycelium. Litter was less preferred by Scheloribates laevigatus than the dried-remoistened leaves in the food preference tests. The Scheloribates laevigatus choise between the litter and the dried-remoistened leaves was influenced by fungal communities. The sterilisation of leaves influenced the mite choice. The sterilised leaves were not preferred in comparison to the non-sterilised ones in the preference tests. The exposition of leaves and litter on soil surface before the experiment had no influence on the mite choice.

Kubátová A. (2000): Neglected Penicillium spp. associated with declining trees. – In: Samson R. A.& Pitt J. I.[eds.], Integration of modern taxonomic methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus classification, p. 299-307, Harwood Academic Publishers.

Abstract

Microfungi associated with declining trees were studied in the period 1991-1995 in the Czech Republic. Samples from roots, stems and branches were cut out from declining, sound and dead trees and incubated in moist chambers. Besides Ophiostomatoid fungi, Trichoderma spp. and other Hypocrealean anamorphs, Penicillium species were very frequently associated with trees. They were isolated from 70 % of all samples. Altogether 27 Penicillium and Geosmithia species were recovered from eight wood species (Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Q. pubescens, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra). Penicillium minioluteum, P. glabrum, Geosmithia spp., P. spinulosum and P. glandicola were the most frequent. The highest number of Penicillium species was observed on Quercus petraea samples. Penicillium spp. were present only in a limited degree on P. nigra, L. decidua and F. sylvatica. Penicillium minioluteum was markedly dominant on Picea abies samples, and Geosmithia spp. were strongly dominant on Quercus pubescens. Penicillium species were found on healthy, damaged and dead trees, too. Penicillia were isolated both from bark and cambium, and from wood. Affinity to one of these substrates was recorded only in four frequent species. Penicillium minioluteum and Geosmithia spp. were frequently found in the cambial zone, P. glabrum and P. citreonigrum were predominantly observed on wood. During this study three Penicillia were found for the first time in the Czech Republic: P. minioluteum, P. smithii and P. purpurogenum var. rubrisclerotium. It seems that some of the observed Penicillia cannot be considered as contaminants but they have affinity to this substrate. Their role in connection with living trees is not clear.

Kubátová A., Novotný D., Prá¹il K. & Mrácek Z. (2000): The nematophagous hyphomycete Esteya vermicola found in the Czech Republic. – Czech Mycology, Praha, 52(3): 227-235.

Abstract

During a study of surface mycoflora of the bark beetle Scolytus intricatus (Coleoptera“ Scolytidae), the hyphomycetous microfungus Esteya vermicola was found associated with Bursaphelenchus eremus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae). Esteya vermicola and Bursapehelenchus eremus were recorded in the Czech Republic for the first time. The find of E. vermicola is considered to be the second one in the world. Esteya vermicola is a nematophagous species with two types of conidia, described in 1999 from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Taiwan. Our new records are from the surface of larvae and adult beetles of Scolytus intricatus and their galleries under bark of branches of three species of oak (Quercus petraea, Q. polycarpa, and Q. robur) on several localities in the Polabí and Krivoklátsko regions, Czech Republic. A description of morphological features and drawings of the fungus are given. Examined strains are maintained in the culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague and Czech Collection of Microorganisms (CCM), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno.

Kubátová A., Vánová M., Prá¹il K. & Fassatiová O. (2000): Microfungi contaminating foods with low water content. – Novitates Botanicae Universitatis Carolinae, Praha, 13/1999: 13-25.

Abstract

During 1993, a qualitative study of microscopic fungi contaminating spices, teas, cereals and other foods in Prague (Czech Republic) was carried out. Altogether, forty-five of the fifty-three examined samples were contamined with micromycetes. In all, forty-nine species of microfungi were found. Penicillium aurantiogriseum (found in 32% of all samples), Eurotium sp. (26%), Aspergillus niger (26%), Aspergillus flavus (20%), and Rhizopus arrhizus (17%) were dominant species. Although a quantitative assessment was not made, the relative level of fungal contamination appeared to be low in a majority of samples.

Ostrý V., Ruprich J., Procházková I., ©karková J. et Kubátová A. (2000): MYKOMON, project for the determination and the identification of toxigenic fungi in food in the Czech Republic. – In: Grajewski J. [ed.], 5th International conference mycotoxins and dioxins and the environment, p. 191-196, Druk Nowpoll Bydgoszcz.

Abstract

The determination and the identification of toxigenic fungi, producers of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in foodstuffs, were newly incorporated into the project of monitoring exposure to chemical substances from foodstuffs. Twenty five foodstuffs were purchased during the year 1999 in four terms in retail shops in twelve places in the Czech Republic. It represents three hundred samples of foodstuffs in all. We received the results of enumeration of moulds (CFU/g) in foodstuffs.

Twenty strains of Aspergillus flavus were isolated from the foodstuffs samples (pepper, caraway, fruit tea, black tea, rolled oat flakes, plain flour, semolina). The percentage incidence of the toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus was 75%. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 was determined and confirmed in samples of pepper and caraway by HPTLC analysis.

Three aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus tamarii were isolated from the three (25%) samples of pepper. Aflatoxin B1 was determined and confirmed in the culture filtrates of Aspergillus tamarii on YES medium by HPTLC method.

Forty three strains of Aspergillus niger group  were isolated from the foodstuffs samples (raisins, black tea, fruit tea, pepper and red pepper). The strains of Aspergillus niger group were determined on YES medium as non-toxigenic. Though ochratoxin A was determined and confirmed in samples of raisins.

Penicillium verrucosum wasn´t isolated in tested foodstuffs.

The research of toxigenic microscopic fungi needs now next to the traditional methods of plating, cultivation, and examination of morphological structures, new methods for rapid recognition of toxigenic microscopic fungi in foodstuffs f.e. PCR, chemotaxonomy and immunoassay.

Kubátová A., Cerný M. & Nováková A. (2001): New records of micromycetes from the Czech Republic. IV. Acrodontium salmoneum, Chaunopycnis alba and Cylindrocarpostylus gregarius, and notes on Dactylaria lanosa and Trichoderma saturnisporum. – Czech Mycology, Praha, 53(3): 237-255.

Abstract

Five saprotrophic mitotic microfungi, Acrodontium salmoneum, Chaunopycnis alba, Cylindrocarpostylus gregarius, Dactylaria lanosa, and Trichoderma saturnisporum, were found during studies of micromycete diversity in the ©umava Mts., Krkono¹e Mts., Kru¹né hory Mts., Prague and Jevany near Prague in the Czech Republic. The microfungi were isolated from soil, except Cylindrocarpostylus gregarius, which was found on bark, and Acrodontium salmoneum isolated from air, seeds and mites. Three of them had not yet been reported from the Czech Republic and are considered to be the first records for this country. Descriptions and illustrations are given. All the fungi are maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague.

Kubátová A. & Vánová M. (2001): Present state of research on soil microfungi of the Bohemian Forest (©umava Mts.). – Silva Gabreta, Vimperk, 7: 165-176.

Abstract

The state of knowledge of soil microfungal diversity in the Bohemian Forest (©umava Mts.) is summarized. At present, 152 species, varieties and forms of micromycetes (44 Zygomycetes, 7 Ascomycetes and 101 Deuteromycetes) are known to have been isolated from soils in this region. It is about 25% of all soil microfungi yet known from the Czech and Slovak regions.

Vánová M. & Kubátová A. (2001): Príspevek k poznání koprofilních hub na ©umave [Contribution to the knowledge of coprophilous fungi in the Bohemian Forest (the ©umava Mts.)]. - Silva Gabreta, Vimperk, 7: 191-198.

Abstract

In the course of two grant projects during 1993-1996, coprophilous fungi were extensively collected on the dung of herbivorous mammals. Thirty-five species of fungi (Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Basidiomycetes) were found on the eight different localities in the Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic.

Ostry V., Ruprich J., Skarkova J., Prochazkova I. & Kubatova A. (2001): The system approach to the identification of aflatoxigenic fungi in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. – Mycotoxin Research 17 A(2): 178-182.

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. tamarii and A. pseudotamarii are important microorganisms capable of producing aflatoxins and further mycotoxins. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species are morphologically similar species belonging to the Aspergillus section Flavi. The aflatoxigenic fungal strains were isolated from foods (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, dried fruit, spices), soil, air and water. Mycological analyses are based on valid standards and recommendations of the International Commission for Food Mycology (ICFM). The identification of isolated aflatoxigenic fungi in foodstuffs and feedstuffs can be proved by using classical mycological cultivation methods, diagnostic nutrient media, chemotaxonomy and molecular biological methods (PCR). The systém approach to the identification of aflatoxigenic fungi combines these four methods. Thirty strains of the aflatoxigenic fungi were tested.

Kubátová A., Novotný D. & Prá¹il K. (2002): Microscopic fungi associated with oak bark beetle (Scolytus intricatus) in the Czech Republic. – In: IMC 7 Book of abstracts, The 7th International Mycological congress, Oslo 11-17 August 2002, p. 300.

Abstract

During 1997-99, surface mycoflora of Scolytus intricatus was studied with respect to its role in transmission of microscopic fungi. Samples were collected from five localities in central Bohemia. Investigation was focused on all different stages of life cycle of the beetle: eggs, larvae, adults before emergence, adults in generation and maturation feeding (altogether 500 samples) and also on galleries (400 samples). Insect samples were washed by sterile water in ultrasonic cleaner. Suspension and insect were separately inoculated onto Petri dishes with malt-extract agar. The most frequent fungi associated with S. intricatus appeared to be Candida rhagii, Geosmithia spp. and Penicillium spp. A great attention was paid to occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi. Two species were determined: Ophiostoma piceae s.l. and O. cf. prolifera, both considered to be saprotrophs or weak pathogens. Frequency of all these fungi varied depending on the locality and the stage of life cycle of the beetle. During this study other interesting micromycetes were isolated, belonging to phytopathogenic fungi (e.g. Diplodia mutila), wood colonizing fungi (e.g. Acrodontium crateriforme, Cytospora sp., Libertella sp., Phomopsis sp., Ramichloridium anceps, Phaeoacremonium spp.), nematophagous fungi (Esteya vermicola), entomopathogenic fungi (e.g. Paecilomyces farinosus) and many litter and soil fungi (e.g. Acremonium spp.) The study was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (No. 203/97/0037).

Kubátová A., Prá¹il K. & Vánová M. (2002): Diversity of soil microscopic fungi on abandoned industrial deposits. - Cryptogamie, Mycologie 23 (3): 205-219.

Abstract

Diversity of saprotrophic soil micromycetes was studied in the period 1993-95 on an abandoned ore-washery pit near Chvaletice and on an ash-slag settling pit near Opatovice in the eastern Bohemia (Czech Republic). Deposits on both localities contain higher amounts of metals (esp. Mn and Zn). Despite of a rather toxic character of the studied sites, altogether 108 taxa of soil microfungi were recorded (70 species of Deuteromycetes, 25 of Zygomycota, and 13 of Ascomycota). The most frequent soil microfungi were Penicillium janthinellum, P. simplicissimum, Cunninghamella elegans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Trichoderma spp., Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis, Coniothyrium fuckelii, Mortierella alpina, Fusarium spp., Coemansia aciculifera, and Trichoderma virens. Four fungi, new in the Czech Republic, were discovered: Gelasinospora calospora, Rhopalomyces elegans var. apiculatus, Syncephalis sphaerica, and Westerdykella dispersa. Some specimens of soil micromycetes are maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Prague.

Ostry V., Ruprich J., Skarkova J., Prochazkova I. & Kubatova A. (2002): MYKOMON – monitoring project of toxigenic fungi in food in years 1999-2001. – Mycotoxin Research 18A(2): 193-197.

Abstract

An occurrence of the toxigenic fungi producing aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in foods was investigated in the study (“MYCOMON”) in years 1999-2001. Twenty-five commodities were purchased from retail in twelve collection places in the Czech Republic (300 food samples together). The presence of potentially toxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus was observed in 28 % of the sampled food (black pepper, black tea, caraway seeds, fine flour, fruit tea, oat flakes) in the year 1999, in 17% of the sampled food (black pepper, black tea, caraway seeds, fine flour, fruit tea, oat flakes) in the year 2000 and in 18 % of the sampled food (black pepper, black tea, caraway seeds, fine flour, fruit tea, oat flakes) in the year 2001. Aspergillus tamarii (aflatoxins producer) was found in black pepper samples (25%) in year 1999, in black pepper samples and black tea (25 %) in year 2000 and in black pepper samples and black tea (21%) in year 2001. Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius were not isolated. Aspergillus section Nigri (potential producer of ochratoxin A.) was detected in some food (black pepper, black tea, caraway seeds, fine flour, fruit tea, raisins, sweet red pepper). Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus were not isolated from the tested food.

Stejskal V., Hubert J., Kubátová A. (2002): Associated-Food-Hazards: Storage fungi and mites in poppy, mustard, lettuce and wheat. – Plant Protection Science 38(2): 673-680.

Abstract

Storage fungi and mites frequently cause injury of crops and contamination of crop agro-product (= “sensitive food ingredients”) by allergens and toxins. This may have serious practical consequences since currently the food safety is one of the most important priorities of EU-agricultural policy. However, the risk of occurrence of biotic-hazard in various agricultural product and food ingredients is not equal since they differ in their sensitivity to infestation/contamination by various fungi- and mite-hazards. Therefore, the goal of our study was to identify and review the fungi-hazards connected with occurrence of 5 key-species of mite-hazards, in 4 kinds of “sensitive food ingredients” that include poppy, mustards, lettuce and wheat grain. Different numbers of fungal-hazards (wheat: 44, poppy: 37, mustard: 13, lettuce: 31) were isolated from the tested 4 kinds of crop agro-product.. This indicates that their sensitivity to mite-associated fungal infestation/contamination increases in the following order: mustard, lettuce, poppy, and wheat. Mite-hazards differ in their vector-capacity of various fungi-hazards. Generally, predatory mites (i.e. Cheyletus spp.) represent lower risk than fungivorous and herbivorous species of mites (i.e. Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides) in terms of vectoring fungi-hazards. Many of the mites and fungi hazards rarely occurred independently. We therefore propose that (i) such pest-hazard-systems (i.e. fungi-mite-hazard-systems) should be called “associated-hazards”, (ii) the new and specific approaches to risk assessment of “associated hazards” should be developed and implemented into practice.
Keywords: fungi, mites, transport, vector, food safery, sensitive ingredients, poppy, mustard, wheat, mycotoxins.

Hubert J., Stejskal V., Kubátová A., Munzbergová Z., Vánová M., Ždárková E. (2003): Mites as selective fungal carriers in stored grain habitats. - Experimental and Applied Acarology 29(1): 69-87.

Abstract

Mites are well documented as vectors of micromycetes in stored products. Since their vectoring capacity is low due to their small size, they can be serious vectors only where there is selective transfer of a high load of specific fungal species. Therefore the aim of our work was to find out whether the transfer of fungi is selective. Four kinds of stored seeds (wheat, poppy, lettuce, mustard) infested by storage mites were subjected to mycological analysis. We compared the spectrum of micromycete species isolated from different species of mites (Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides and Cheyletus malaccensis) and various kinds of stored seeds. Fungi were separately isolated from (a) the surface of mites, (b) the mites’ digestive tract (= faeces), and (c) stored seeds and were then cultivated and determined. The fungal transport via mites is selective. This conclusion is supported by (i) lower numbers of isolated fungal species from mites than from seeds; (ii) lower Shannon–Weaver diversity index in the fungal communities isolated from mites than from seeds; (iii) significant effect of mites/seeds as environmental variables on fungal presence in a redundancy analysis (RDA); (iv) differences in composition of isolated fungi between mite species shown by RDA. The results of our work support the hypothesis that mite–fungal interactions are dependent on mite species. The fungi attractive to mites seem to be dispersed more than others. The selectivity of fungal transport via mites enhances their pest importance.
Keywords: fungi, storage, mites, transport, vector, food

Kubátová A. (2003): Nové zmìny v taxonomii rodu Verticillium: Revize sekce Prostrata.[New changes in taxonomy of Verticillium section Prostrata] – Mykol. Listy, Praha, No. 84-85: 38-47.

Abstract

The author informs about revision of Verticillium section Prostrata made by Gams, Zare and collaborators with results published in 2000-2002. Five newly defined genera (Lecanicillium, Simplicillium, Pochonia, Haptocillium and Rotiferophthora) are presented, majority of them contains former Verticillium species. Author presents also her own results of revision of 17 strains of former Verticillium section Prostrata maintained in the Culture Collection of Fungi (CCF), Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

Kubátová A., Kolarík M., Prášil K., Novotný D. (2004): Bark beetles and their galleries: well-known niches for little known fungi on the example of Geosmithia. – Czech Mycology 56(1-2): 1-18.

Abstract

The oak bark beetle (Scolytus intricatus, Scolytidae, Coleoptera) was studied during the years 1997-2003 with respect to the occurrence of microscopic fungi on the surface of its body. Samples were collected in eight localities in the Czech and Slovak Republics. The investigation was focused on all different stages of the beetle´s life cycle: eggs, larvae, adults before emergence, adults in generation and maturation feeding (nearly 600 samples), and also on galleries (400 samples). The most frequent fungi associated with S. intricatus were yeasts, Geosmithia spp. and Penicillium spp. Ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated, too. Great attention was paid to the occurrence of Geosmithia spp., which were so far recorded rarely. They were frequently found in all stages of the life cycle of Scolytus intricatus, except for males in maturation feeding. The ecology of Geosmithia spp. in feedings of phloem inhabiting insects is discussed for their negative cellulase production and the ecology of associated insect species. Trees infested with Scolytus intricatus represent a major and still little explored niche of Geosmithia spp.

Kubátová A. (2004): The arachnogenous fungus Gibellula leiopus – second find from the Czech Republic. – Czech Mycol. 56(3-4): 185-191.

Abstract
The microfungus Gibellula leiopus (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) known from spiders was found after a long period for the second time in the Czech Republic. The first find was recorded by O. Fassatiová in 1959. Both Czech specimens have whitish synnemata with conidiophores. The teleomorph (Torrubiella leiopus) was not observed. A short description of microscopic features and photographs is given. The specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague (PRC).

Kubátová A., Prá¹il K., Vánová M. (2005): Pudní mikromycety v prostredí podzemního tunelu – predbe¾né výsledky [Soil micromycetes in the environment of underground tunnel – preliminary results]. – In: Vorí¹ek K. et al. [eds.], ®ivot v pode VI, p. 91-98, CZU v Praze.

Abstract
The microfungus Gibellula leiopus (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) known from spiders was found after a long period for the second time in the Czech Republic. The first find was recorded by O. Fassatiová in 1959. Both Czech specimens have whitish synnemata with conidiophores. The teleomorph (Torrubiella leiopus) was not observed. A short description of microscopic features and photographs is given. The specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague (PRC).